Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Toxicarioside H induces cytoprotective autophagy by hindering the progression of necroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of ToxH on TNBC cell proliferation and cell death. TNBC MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and HCC 38 cells were treated with different concentrations of ToxH as indicated for 24 h. (A) Cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, represented as a percentage relative to the control group (Ctrl). (B) Representative images from the EdU assay showing proliferating cells (red fluorescence). (C) Quantification of EdU-positive proliferating cells by flow cytometry, represented as a percentage relative to the control group (Ctrl). (D) Representative flow cytometry images showing the intensity of 7-AAD-stained cells. (E) Percentage of 7-AAD-positive dead cells determined by flow cytometry. (F) Measurement of LDH release, represented as fold change relative to the control group (Ctrl). Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test, N = 5; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines used in this study, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and HCC 38, were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained in our laboratory.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Control, EdU Assay, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Staining

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Toxicarioside H induces cytoprotective autophagy by hindering the progression of necroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102779

Figure Lengend Snippet: ToxH triggers the complete autophagic process in TNBC cells. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-438, and HHC-38 cells were treated with or without ToxH for 24 h and transfected with or without the corresponding plasmid. (A) Western blotting detection shows an increase in the expression of LC3-II, ATG5, and Beclin-1, but a decrease in the expression of p62. (B) Immunofluorescence observation reveals that ToxH treatment generated a considerable number of LC3B puncta. (C) TNBC cells transfected with the mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid demonstrate an observable increase in the formation of autophagosomes (yellow puncta) and autolysosomes (red puncta) that were treated with ToxH. Data are presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using an Unpaired t-test (A) or two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test (B and C), N = 3 (A) or 100 (B and C); * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines used in this study, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and HCC 38, were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained in our laboratory.

Techniques: Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Generated

Journal: Translational Oncology

Article Title: Toxicarioside H induces cytoprotective autophagy by hindering the progression of necroptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Combination of ToxH and CQ treatments increases anti-tumor activity through promotion of necroptosis in TNBC cells. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-438, and HHC-38 tumor models were established in female nude mice and treated with ToxH or combined with CQ for five mice in each group. (A) Tumor images were captured at day 18 after tumor cell inoculation. (B) Tumor volumes were measured at day 18 after the tumor cell inoculation. (C) Western blotting detection of the autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62, and necroptosis marker proteins RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL) in the tumor tissues treated with the indicated reagents. (D) Immunohistochemical detection of the necroptosis marker phosphorylated proteins pRIPK3 and pMLKL. Data are presented as mean ± SD and were assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test, where N = 5 (A and B) or representative images from triplicate experiments (C and D); * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001; ns, no significant.

Article Snippet: The TNBC cell lines used in this study, including MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436, and HCC 38, were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained in our laboratory.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Marker, Immunohistochemical staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: IL-6 Blockade Enhances the Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitor in BRCA1 -Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells14201602

Figure Lengend Snippet: Abemaciclib inhibited BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell growth. SUM149, HCC1937, and MDA-MB-436 cells were treated with abemaciclib for 72 h. ( A ) Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. IC50 of abemaciclib was calculated and the IC50 ± SE values were listed at the bottom. ( B ) Cell proliferation was measured by BrdU cell proliferation assay. The drug concentrations used in the BrdU assay were selected based on the IC50 values determined in the MTT assay ( A ) to assess proliferation at biologically relevant doses. Data represents SD from three independent experiments (n = 3). ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-436 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; cat. no. HTB-13), SUM149 and HCC1937 were obtained from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Laboratory (Baltimore, MD, USA).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, MTT Assay, BrdU Cell Proliferation Assay, BrdU Staining

Journal: Cells

Article Title: IL-6 Blockade Enhances the Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitor in BRCA1 -Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells14201602

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bazedoxifene synergizes with abemaciclib in BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay in SUM149 ( A ), HCC1937 ( B ), and MDA-MB-436 ( C ) cells after treatment with bazedoxifene alone, abemaciclib alone, and the combination for 24 h (performed in triplicate assays). The CI values were reported in the bottom panel. *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-436 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; cat. no. HTB-13), SUM149 and HCC1937 were obtained from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Laboratory (Baltimore, MD, USA).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, MTT Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: IL-6 Blockade Enhances the Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitor in BRCA1 -Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells14201602

Figure Lengend Snippet: GP130 knockdown enhances the sensitivity of abemaciclib in BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cells. ( A ) The knockdown efficiency of GP130 and its downstream P-STAT3 (Y705) and STAT3 were detected by western blot. GAPDH is used as a loading control. Western blot analysis was performed once due to sample limitations. ( B ) Cell viability of GP130 knockdown alone, abemaciclib alone, and the combination treatment was measured by MTT assay (performed in triplicate assays). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. Original western blot images can be found in the .

Article Snippet: The human BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-436 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; cat. no. HTB-13), SUM149 and HCC1937 were obtained from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Laboratory (Baltimore, MD, USA).

Techniques: Knockdown, Mutagenesis, Western Blot, Control, MTT Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: IL-6 Blockade Enhances the Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitor in BRCA1 -Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells14201602

Figure Lengend Snippet: Significant inhibitory effects of bazedoxifene and abemaciclib combination on the migration of BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cells. Wound healing assay was performed to evaluate cell migration in SUM149 ( A ), HCC1937 ( B ), and MDA-MB-436 ( C ) cells with bazedoxifene alone, abemaciclib alone, and the combination treatment for 24 h. Representative images of scratches with bazedoxifene alone (B15: 15 μM bazedoxifene; B20: 20 μM bazedoxifene), abemaciclib alone (A2.5: 2.5 μM abemaciclib), and the bazedoxifene and abemaciclib (B+A) combination treatment. The scale bar is 20 µM. The statistical analysis of cell invasion was shown in the right panel. Relative migration was quantified by measuring the wound area and statistical analysis was performed on data from triplicate assays. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The human BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-436 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; cat. no. HTB-13), SUM149 and HCC1937 were obtained from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Laboratory (Baltimore, MD, USA).

Techniques: Migration, Mutagenesis, Wound Healing Assay

Journal: Cells

Article Title: IL-6 Blockade Enhances the Efficacy of CDK4/6 Inhibitor in BRCA1 -Mutant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/cells14201602

Figure Lengend Snippet: Significant inhibitory effects of bazedoxifene and abemaciclib combination on the invasion of BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cells. Transwell invasion assay was performed in triplicate to evaluate cell invasion. Representative images of invasive cells of SUM149 ( A ), HCC1937 ( B ), and MDA-MB-436 ( C ) with bazedoxifene alone, abemaciclib alone, and the combination treatment for 24 h (B15: 15 μM bazedoxifene; B20: 20 μM bazedoxifene; A1: 1 μM abemaciclib; A2.5: 2.5 μM abemaciclib and bazedoxifene and abemaciclib (B+A) combination treatment). The scale bar is 10 µM. The statistical analysis of cell invasion was shown in the right panel. * p < 0.05, and **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human BRCA1 -mutant TNBC cell line MDA-MB-436 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; cat. no. HTB-13), SUM149 and HCC1937 were obtained from the University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Translational Laboratory (Baltimore, MD, USA).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Transwell Invasion Assay